Is Flirting the Same as Sexual Harassment

Is Flirting the Same as Sexual Harassment Critical Thinking 1760 Jue Hou 210625481 Professor Anthony Falikowski 2012/11/6 Word Count: 1226 Step 1: Model Case A multi year old curator attempting to play with a little youngster in the library by making a sex wisecrack when she is obtaining a book. The activity bothers the young lady a ton and she attempts to leave the library as snappy as could be expected under the circumstances. In any case, the custodian stops the young lady to play with her again by contacting her face and arms which is improper and alarms the young lady profoundly. The young lady calls the police. Being a tease |Sexual Harassment | |The collector feels cheerful |Often by driving | |It identifies with sex |Sexual content( identifies with sex) | |It’s mischievous, interesting and energizing |Often include physical touch and coarse | |The recipient wishes it |language | |Both the individual who is doing it or the |Degrades individuals | |receiver have inspirat ional disposition toward |It is a wrongdoing | |each other |It alarms individuals | |The beneficiary feels respect and appealing. It leaves the casualty a negative memory | |It regularly includes invited physical touch |The casualty doesn't wish or want it. | |and complimenting language |The casualty feels disgraceful, tragic, and irate | For this situation, the improper being a tease unquestionably results equivalent to inappropriate behavior. The young lady feels annoying and all the negative emotions brought about by lewd behavior. Stage 2: Contrary Case A moderately aged lady is pained by coming up short on a sweetheart for quite a while. She meets an attractive and well off man in the bar. The man really likes her and attempting to play with the lady by complimenting her excellence and making some caring touch on her hair and shoulder. The lady is extremely upbeat and they at long last wake up in a similar bed together next morning. Being a tease |Sex Harassment |Why not sex ba dgering | |The recipient feels upbeat |It includes constraining |The survivor of provocation doesn't feel | |Welcomed physical touch and complimenting |It is a wrongdoing |good | |It is similarly glad and worthy for |It alarms and debases individuals |No one is being constrained | |both sides | |No one perpetrated a wrongdoing | |Sex provocation doesn't welcome the | |physical contact | |Only the individual submits sex badgering | |feels cheerful and satisfactory. | |No one is being frightened and corrupted |In this case, being a tease isn't equivalent to inappropriate behavior since everybody is upbeat and very much acknowledged what the other is doing. Stage 3: Borderline Case A youthful and lovely lady wears an attractive dress in a gathering that held by her organization. She attempts to grab the attention of her chief and establishes a decent connection to her supervisor which is beneficial for her profession. Her manager is profoundly pulled in by her and playing with her by c ontacting the woman’s butt and murmuring intently next to her ears. The activity is certainly out of the woman’s control and out of her arrangement. She doesn't mean to undermine her significant other with her chief, yet she can not guarantee her manager submitted a lewd behavior since her vocation may be finished and it is difficult to disclose to her better half. Being a tease |Sexual Harassment | |Can be utilized as a system to pick up benefit |It is characterized by the collector | |Can cause moral issue (undermines the accomplice) |The casualty might be compelled to remain quiet | |Can go a long ways past then what one expected |It drives a negative impact to the marriage | |The beneficiary may misjudges it | For this situation, the casualty is not really making any move. On the off chance that she asserts her supervisor for inappropriate behavior, her vocation may be finished and her significant other would be so furious to her. Stage 4: Social Contest A.Who woul d pose this inquiry? A man who is guaranteed inappropriate behavior by a lady, anyway he accepts that the young lady was playing with him first and he was simply being a tease back. This reminds me to the dubious instance of Kobe Bryant who is a celebrated ball player. A server guaranteed she was explicitly bothered by Kobe, however Kobe thinks she was playing with him first. The server got an immense measure of remuneration from Kobe. Nobody knows reality of whether Kobe is a sexual abuser or the entire occasion is a set up for cash. B. For what reason would he pose this inquiry? The man asks why a being a tease grin bring about lewd behavior when he feels the lady was playing with him first.Maybe he misconstrues the man or perhaps it is a filthy set up planed by the lady. C why would that be decent social in which to put the inquiry? As individuals are increasingly more centered around human rights and ladies rights, the liable of lewd behavior has been raised ever more elevated. Be that as it may, the cause individuals hold for the detriment bunches a few times results contrarily. A few people may utilize it to pick up their own benefit. It prompts the guiltless man to question about the profound quality and his incentive towards the disservice gatherings. D What does C inform you concerning the ideas? The idea among being a tease and inappropriate behavior can be difficult to recognize. An equivalent discussion or body contact can be characterized differently.The best way to characterize whether it is an inappropriate behavior or being a tease is the disposition by the collector. On the off chance that the recipient trusts it is being a tease, at that point you are sheltered. On the off chance that she or he trusts it is an inappropriate behavior, at that point you better stop what you are doing or you may wind up in prison. Stage 5: Underlying Anxiety A. What kinds of sentiments or stresses cause you to actually pose this inquiry? ? I’m inquisitive on the idea of lewd behavior ? It is imperative to comprehend what sorts of being a tease will end to inappropriate behavior so as to avoid a wrongdoing. ? I need to under stand a greater amount of being a tease since it can assist me with finding a sweetheart. B. Shouldn't something be said about the inquiry may make you worry?The question may be stacked that alarms me to act being a tease once more. The manner in which the inquiry posed to appears as though being a tease is being treated as inappropriate behavior a few times which I trust it is entirely unexpected. What's more, it could be a deceptive that the two ideas are not related by any stretch of the imagination. C How are An and B accommodating in understanding the inquiry? ? It can assist me with taking my own situation towards the inquiry, and my position and concerns could be equivalent to larger part. ? Maybe the my concerns may demonstrate the inquiry is hazardous that it miss-related two disconnected things ? In the wake of taking a gander at my concerns, I may locate another concealed factor of the question.Like is it a social reason to have the circumstance that being a tease is making type of inappropriate behavior Stride 6: pragmatic outcomes A. In the event that being a tease is a type of lewd behavior ? Being a tease is a wrongdoing. ? A potential couple scarcely demonstrates their enthusiasm to one another. ? The punishment of lewd behavior is difficult to address ? A reduction in number of marriage and result in a negative increment in total populace B. On the off chance that being a tease isn't a type of inappropriate behavior. ? Individuals who submitted inappropriate behavior will guarantee they are being a tease ? Unseemly sexual go to will increment ? The survivor of lewd behavior will barely keep up their human rights Step 7: produce meanings of key ideas Flirting |Sexual Harassment | |The collector feels cheerful |Often by constraining | |It identifies with sex |Sexual content( identifies with sex) | |It’s devious, amusing and excting |Often include physical touch and coarse | |The beneficiary wishes it |language | |Both the individual who is doing it or the |Degrades individuals | |receiver have inspirational demeanor toward |It is a wrongdoing | |each other |It alarms individuals | |The recipient feels regarded and alluring. It leaves the casualty a negative memory | |It regularly includes invited physical touch |The casualty doesn't wish or want it. | |and complimenting language |The casualty feels dishonorable, tragic, and furious | Flirting: an underhanded, amusing, energizing and invited physical touch or complimenting language, frequently identifies with sexuality, which makes the collector feels glad, respected and alluring. Lewd behavior: a sexual wrongdoing which submitted by unseemly physical touch and coarse language regularly by driving. It is debasing and the casualty feels disgraceful, dismal, irate, and leaves the casualty a negative memory since it isn't what the casualty whishes or wants. Stage 8: Analytical outline Exclusive to being a tease |Common to both |Exclusive to badgering | |Equally shared the inspirational mentality |Both of them identifies with sexuality (T) |Different result that provocation leads to| |towards both the recipient and the entertainer |Both could includes physical touch (T) |shameful miserable and irate yet being a tease leads| |(I) | |to cheerful and respected. (I) | 1. Them two identifies with sexuality. It is trifling since it identifies with sex doesn't hold any significance in the result of the two idea. Sex itself doesn't disclose to you positive or negative. Notwithstanding, an undesirable or constrained sex is awful, pie in the sky and attractive sex is certain. 2. Being a tease prompts similarly shared the uplifting disposition towards both the recipient and the actor.This is significant in light of the fact that we can realize that the two of them have positive sentiments to one another so nobody is being constrained not normal for lewd behavior which against human rights. 3. The outcome is diverse among being a tease and lewd behavior. This is significant and it is a principle contrast between the two ideas. Being a tease prompts joy yet provocation prompts despicable and tragic. It is consistently essential to take a gander at the outcome. It is the principle estimation to esteem one’s activity. As understudies in York University, individuals must get acquainted with the possibility of inappropriate behavior. Understudies are burnt out on hearing the updates on somebody is getting explicitly manhandled in the library, in the corridor way, or wherever in York that individuals exist. It even happened last month.But the news including lewd behavior are consistently on the highest point of our considerations since individuals are progressively paying considerations to the human rights and especially the privileges of disservice gatherings. The l ewd behavior is not, at this point just taken the types of assaulting, driving, or gathering as individuals used to think. An improper sex joke or an undesirable physical touch could consider as lewd behavior also. This would make individuals believe is being a tease

Strengths And Weaknesses Of Group Decision Making

Questions: 1. Work as article constrsting the qualities and weeknesses of cooperative choice creation showing your help of your arguements? 2. As you would like to think how do character attributes sway administrative choice making?What job does esteem play in such manner ? delineate your answer? Answers: 1. Qualities and shortcomings of cooperative choice creation Dynamic procedure is one of the most significant hierarchical exercises. By and large the directors are answerable for taking choices for various kinds of assignments inside the business and representative administration. At present, the vast majority of the business associations are managing differing work power. The individuals off assorted work group can have distinctive purpose of perspectives and it frequently prompts struggle during the dynamic procedure (Wei 2011). Therefore bunch conversation has picked up the elevated level of significance in the authoritative dynamic procedure. At the hour of dynamic, bunch conversation assumes a significant job as increasingly inventive thoughts can be accumulated from the distinctive colleagues of the association. Simultaneously this procedure sets aside more effort for settling on the choice which defers a specific action. The accompanying conversation will assist with understanding the various kinds of favorable circumstances and hindra nces of the collective choice creation process (DuBrin 2013). Collaboration and data sharing are the most significant preferences of the cooperative choice creation process. Cooperative energy alludes to the idea that the aggregate of the fractional data gathered from various colleagues isn't sufficient for breaking down the entire circumstance. . The gathering conversation gives the office of taking choices on the whole. The judgment of a collective choice creation procedure can be more adequate than the judgment of any individual chief of the association. Scrutinizing the colleagues and gathering various answers from them give progressively complete and powerful suggestions for taking care of a specific issue than the administrative dynamic procedure. Data sharing is another extraordinary bit of leeway of the collective choice creation process (Griffin and Moorhead 2011). The aggregate thoughts are utilized for distinguishing the best one for the specific circumstance. Data sharing likewise expands the capacity to comprehend and explain the i ssues for settling on proper choices. Collective choice creation process gives more options in contrast to taking care of a specific issue and the associations - get a few choices and thoughts for settling a specific issue. The colleagues have various sorts of specializations with various kinds of information base (Langton, Robbins and Judge 2015). Along these lines, the gathering conversation making process can give progressively extensive thoughts. The choices taken in the gathering conversations are law based in nature while the administrative choices are absolutist. Popularity based choices are more adequate by the individuals than the imperious choices since all the colleagues take dynamic part in the dynamic methodology. Another significant favorable position of the collective choice creation process is the worker inspiration. The workers feel persuaded by participating in the dynamic procedure and the employability aptitudes likewise increment through this (Wilson 2013). In spite of the fact that cooperative choice creation process has a great deal of points of interest some mentionable impediments or shortcomings of this procedure have been distinguished. The most significant shortcoming of the collective choice creation is that it can make a dissemination of obligation. This can be lead to absence of responsibility - of the colleagues and eventually frustrate the accomplishment of group objective. In the event of disappointment - to accomplish wanted result no one assumes the liability of the disappointment. Everyone accuses other colleagues for the aggregate choice. At times the collective choices are less proficient than the individual choices as this sets aside more effort for being chosen and afterward assessed (McMurray et al. 2012). Colleague determination for the gathering conversations, orchestrating gatherings, conversation and choosing the prevalent elective takes are. The gatherings for the gathering conversation ought to be very much ar ranged. Without appropriate arranging and viable interest of the colleagues, bunch conversation gatherings won't have the option to give legitimate arrangements. Mindless compliance is another situation which can diminish the productivity of the collective choice creation process. In this situation, a portion of the colleagues hold generalizations see while deciding inverse individuals in the gathering. They may call the whole group feeble by considering one frail thought given by a colleague. This might be the reason for making another issue as opposed to accomplishing the arrangement of the past issue (Tannenbaum, Weschler and Massarik 2013). These individuals begin judging the inverse by the case of one part. Some different representatives will apply direct strain to the individuals who are bringing up issues about their thoughts. A few people stay quiet in the gathering conversation on account of reasoning that the thoughts they have are not all that viable for this situation. A few survivors of the mindless conformity are simply attempting to challenge the choices proposed by other however not communicating any new thoughts. These individuals or casualties of mindless conformity are risky for accomplishing the powerful result from the cooperative choice creation process. Gathering polarization is another significant shortcoming of the collective choice creation process (Gwo-Hshiung 2010). This is the propensity of the gathering to merge on increasingly extraordinary answer for a specific issue. Individuals from the cooperative choice creation process are not all that capable than the individual chiefs. There are various sorts of procedure of the cooperative choice creation procedure, for example, conceptualizing, video chatting, regular gatherings and so on. The administration of the association should pick a powerful alternative for the gathering meeting with the end goal of dynamic. The choice ought to be picked dependent on the circumstance. Inappropri ate choice of the procedure for the gathering conversation might be the reason for getting ill-advised result of the dynamic procedure. If there should be an occurrence of quality of any ruling senior in the gathering conversation may obstruct the thoughts of other lower level of representatives in the dynamic procedure (Miner 2015). It very well may be presumed that the cooperative choices making process is compelling in the region of the corporate culture of the current world. The business associations are getting the extent of taking increasingly prevalent choices through the collective choice creation method. The facts confirm that the cooperative choice creation process can deliver increasingly powerful thoughts yet it is likewise evident that the procedure takes a ton of time. In a large portion of the basic circumstances, the associations needs to take choice rapidly and they need more time for the collective choice creation. This is a significant shortcoming of utilizing the cooperative choice creation process. The associations should make important strides for staying away from the examined shortcomings of the cooperative choice creation process. 2. Effect of character characteristics in administrative dynamic and the job of significant worth Administrative dynamic procedure related with the characters of the administrators. The character of the supervisors shapes the conduct of them. The adequacy pace of the administrative choices is reliant on the character of the directors. Prior research works in the zone of the character have said that the character alludes to the various kinds of qualities utilized for characterizing a people conduct. The well known qualities utilized for characterizing character are modest, forceful, apathetic, faithful, shy, agreeable and so on. At the point when these qualities showed in countless circumstances, at that point they are named as character characteristics (Yu and Lai 2011). Character qualities ought to get elevated level of need in the hierarchical culture as the dynamic procedure of the associations is profoundly joined with this. Distinguishing the character qualities has gotten exceptionally famous while choosing the workers at the hour of enrollment and at the hour of allotting employments. The administrative choices are taken purchase the supervisors and the choices are reliant on the character characteristics of the directors. Various individuals think from various purpose of perspectives while creating thoughts for taking care of a specific issue (Mukhopadhyay 2015). The point of thoroughly considering contrasts the character qualities of the individuals. The adequacy of the administrative choices is likewise reliant on the character attributes of the chiefs. The character attributes of the representatives are likewise significant for the various sorts of choices taken by the chiefs. Various associations have various sorts of employment obligatio ns in their work places and various kinds of occupations require various sorts of character attributes for leading them proficiently. While taking the choices about relegating occupations to the workers, the directors consider the character characteristics of the representatives for doling out the employments to the ideal individuals (Pinder 2014). The result of the administrative choices is reliant on the best possible appraisal of the character qualities of the workers. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is the most well known method of examining the character attributes of the workers. In this technique, the statements of the workers are dissected from various points. Sentiments and the method of communicating the conduct results of the administrators are the most significant character characteristics. The MBTI model investigate thinking as opposed to feeling and judging as opposed to seeing for examining the capacity of working and dynamic (Zimmerman and Yahya-Zadeh 2011). W hile taking any choices for an inappropriate exercises performed by the workers or low exhibitions of the representatives, the character characteristics of the chiefs are the most significant actuality. In the event of exacting administrators the representatives would get legitimate disciplines where on account of touchy supervisors, the workers would get some lower level of penalti

Properties of Dopamine in Chemistry

Properties of Dopamine in Chemistry Part 2. Writing Review 2.1 Introduction Lately, characteristic bond has pulled in expanding consideration in the material designing field. This can be predominantly ascribed to the marine mussel as it has a solid capacity to join to different surfaces in a fluid situation where they dwell. These surfaces fluctuate from normal to engineered, and inorganic to organic.[49-51] Previous examinations on the mussel cement protein have found that 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine-lysine groupings, might be the principle patron for the adaptable idea of the marine mussel.[52, 53] Dopamine, having a comparative structure with this succession, may give another stage to bioengineers to truly or artificially improve the exhibition of different biomaterials. A few papers have just been distributed with respect to the utilization of dopamine to increase different biomaterials, for example, poly (ethylene glycol), carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. The initial segment of this audit will quickly present the fundamental properties of dopamine whi ch will be trailed by its applications 2.2 Properties of Dopamine Dopamine’s properties can be isolated into concoction and cement properties. The concoction properties primarily center around the autopolymerization in circulated air through fundamental arrangements and polymerization of dopamine dependent on vinyl gatherings. The glue property is dopamine’s most critical component which gives dopamine its bit of leeway as a biomaterial. 2.2.1 Chemical Properties 2.2.1.1 Autopolymerization in Aerated Basic Solutions Messersmith and colleagues initially revealed that dopamine can auto-polymerize in circulated Tris cradle of pH 8.5.[8]. The procedure of dopamine autopolymerization with a prior substrate results in polydopamine (PDA) films being stored on the substrate surface. Longer substrate introduction times and higher response temperatures bring about thicker PDA films being formed.[54] Regardless of the surface kind, the embedded PDA movies can be covered on the ideal surface, even poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE), known for its enemy of cement property.[8] 2.2.1.2 Polymerization of Dopamine Based on Vinyl Groups Polymers conveying pendant dopamine are regularly acquired by radical polymerization of vinyl monomers with ensured or unprotected dopamine. When reflecting ensured dopamine conveyed by polymers with twofold bone, borax (Na2B4O7 ·10H2O) is generally utilized as the securing reactant so as to shield dopamine from shaping an annular bidentate catechol subunit.[55] Normally, the polymerized response of secured dopamine occurs in a fluid arrangement and structures direct chains. Deprotection response normally happens in an acidic domain and results in the polymer conveying dopamine. Dimolybdenum trioxide[56], 1-dromotoluene[57] and denzophenone chloride[58] can likewise be utilized as securing operators. Zhang et al.[59] planned a novel polymer poly (n-acryloyl dopamine) that has high bond to wood, particularly when blended in with polyethylenimine (PEI) at about 150 °C. They utilized an ensured twofold bond dopamine as a monomer and 2,2’-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) as an in itiator by means of radical polymerization, following the deprotection of dopamine in a corrosive arrangement. While ruminating unprotected dopamine, Lee BP et al.[60] was the first to report an innovative hydrogel that copolymerizes changed dopamine with twofold bond and polyethylene glycol diacrylate by means of photograph commencement by utilizing a 2,20-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-acetonephenone (DMPA) initiator. Because of this innovation, more prominent consideration has been given to hydrogels as another fake extracellular network (ECM) in the biomedical field. Dopamine has a place with the catechol family which prompts vinyled dopamine to go about as an inhibitor.[61, 62], therefore they can respond with radicals to repress polyreaction. The unprotected dopamine, altered with a vinyl gathering, can experience free-radical polymerization. A few inquires about have done this analysis on radical polymerization to demonstrate the dependability of this method.[63-75] The exploration bunch drove by Metin Sitti, copolymerized a dopamine derivate (dopamine meth-acrylamide) with methoxyethylaceylate to get a reversible grip on the outside of nonflat glass under dry or wet condition.[65] In another distribution, 2-(meth-acryloyloxy) ethyl phosphate was utilized to copolymerize with dopamine methacrylamide, trailed by a convoluted union where the copolymer reinforced with decidedly charged polymer, divalent calcium and magnesium.[71] The concoction properties of dopamine give the foundation of its solid cement properties. 2.2.2 Adhesive Property The glue property of dopamine is one of the most critical properties of dopamine as it has end up being extremely flexible in clinging to different surfaces in spite of the surface science. The holding among dopamine and surfaces can be commonly disseminated to two sections: covalent and non-covalent.[10] Surfaces which have amine gatherings or thiol gatherings can covalently tie to dopamine by means of Michael expansion or Schiff base responses. Anyway since most surfaces don’t have those gatherings, non-covalent holding, similar to H-security, Ï€-Ï€ association and benzenediolcharge-move mixes are wanted to create a legitimate layer and metallic chelating.[7, 53, 76-87] In a high pH condition, metal particles and award oxides have a high possibility of being hydroxylated or hydrated, which make chelate with catechol gatherings of dopamine a lot simpler. This can be seen from numerous examinations done on polydopamine connecting with metal oxides, (for example, Fe2O3, Fe4O3, ZrO2) through chelating holding interaction.[82, 84, 85] This can be seen when polydopamine nanoparticle suspensions are added to an answer of KMnO4 with H2SO4. A center shell nanoparticle structure is made in which the polydopamine go about as the center and MnO2 go about as shell, trailed by mixing the KOH answer for get MnO2 nanospheres. This cement property of dopamine gives promising chances to new bioengineered materials. 2.2.3 CNT For a considerable length of time, carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been pulling in expanding consideration on account of their boss highlights, for example, warm conductivity, great elasticity and striking conductivity. They have been applied in different various zones, from sensors to catalysis, and from semiconductors to inductors for osteocytes. With the end goal for CNTs to have a wide scope of uses, surface change is essential. Be that as it may, during this adjustment different middle of the road responses steps are required which increment the multifaceted nature of the CNT’s creation. Dopamine adjustment has been seen as a promising other option, prompting a covered multifunctional CNT with a polymeric shell that has tunable thickness by time, pH esteem and temperature.[88] The dopamine covering encourages the expansion of exchange alterations to the outside of CNTs, for example, gold nanoparticles.[88] What’s more, CNTPDAs, first, were changed with ATRP initiator a nd afterward polymerized with diethylamine methacrylateto to frame brushes polymer †poly (dimethylamine-thyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) on the surface.[89] Following that the functionalized CNT were quaternized so as to join palladium nanoparticles on the CNTs’ surface. These two models show the capacity of dopamine covered CNTs to tie to metal edifices. 2.3 Applications There are a wide range of utilizations wherein dopamine could be applied in; three of them will be the concentration here remembering applications for hydrogels, nanofibers, and biosening. These fields are of extraordinary intrigue as of now as they show incredible guarantee for dopamine in bioengineering. 2.3.1 Hydrogel The need of a gooey hydrogel, as a one of a kind material, is significantly expanding in different biomedical fields. The elite necessities of glue hydrogels are severe and different. This remembers being adequately cement for a wet situation, palatable versatility of fake tissue platform and biocompatible.[60, 90] Moreover, biomedical hydrogels likewise need a snappy sol-gel transformation for keeping away from careful obstacle. As of late, cement hydrogel, roused by solid wet grip of mussel and cross-holding abilities of dopamine, has been pulled in expanding consideration and considered as a cheerful possibility to satisfy this technologic niche.[91] Messersmith et al.[92] announced the formation of four distinctive cement hydrogels utilizing dopamine subsidiary (L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)) as end-gatherings and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a spine. The distinction of these four hydrogels can be partitioned into 2 subcategories, straight system and stretched system. They applied numerous edge laser light dispersing to consider the impacts of various oxidative reagents on DOPA oxidation and hydrogel arrangement. The outcome indicated that gelation time of PEG-DOPA gels depended on oxidative reagents, for example, fixation and type. In Lee H.’s report, they additionally utilized DOPA and PEG to shape hydrogels, yet this time they utilized DOPA adjusted with methacryloyl chloride and PEG diacrylate rather than unadulterated DOPA and PEG. So as to abstain from acquainting harmfulness of oxidative reagent with the hydrogels and any loss of attachment, the hydrogels experienced UV initiation.[60] These photograph imit ated gels show calculable flexible properties for use as a promising biomedical material. Utilizing a comparable technique Phillip B. Messersmith’s investigate bunch likewise incorporated a cement hydrogel, arranged by copolymerizing DOPA with hydrophobic fragments of an amphiphilic square copolymer under photograph impersonation. The cement property of the hydrogel was shockingly improved within the sight of DOPA in wet condition. The flexibility of the hydrogel was seen as like that of delicate tissues prompting consider it as an empowering contender for biomaterial.[93] Further research led by Messersmith and collaborators concentrated on the organic top

Essay Topics On Mark Twain

Essay Topics On Mark TwainIf you are thinking about creating a thesis or an essay on Mark Twain then you will need to choose one of his Mark Twain essay topics. This is because he has a wealth of knowledge and experience when it comes to the writing style, the style of speech and the way that he uses his medium of writing. Here are some tips that will help you decide on which topic for your essay.Of course you cannot just pick up any Mark Twain article and throw them into your essay. You will need to carefully consider their relevance. If you want to make your essay interesting, you will have to look at the way that the author uses their creative license in writing a passage. As far as being controversial, you may consider reading on the points that Mark Twain has made. He may not agree with your views, but at least you will learn something about the past of the author and you will be given a better understanding of your own opinion.Of course you will need to write an essay on Mark T wain if you are to achieve the degree that he was awarded. If you are a student, you will probably need to rewrite an entire essay just so that you are able to complete it. However, if you would like to succeed in your thesis or essay on Mark Twain then you should look into his life and career. You will learn so much more when you read about the varied experiences that he had that will help you on your journey through your academic career.You should be aware that Mark Twain is not a fan of plagiarism and therefore he did not grant that you are allowed to use any of his material. There are few passages where you are able to use many sources to make your essay compelling and relevant. It is up to you to decide whether you will go through his work and re-write it in such a way that it will be a personal essay or a scholar's essay.When it comes to finding essay topics on Mark Twain, you will have to search online. Many of his essays are available on the internet. You may be able to find some free time in your schedule to do a little research.If you have taken the time to look through the content online, you will be able to form your own opinion on what you need to do next. If you decide to look through the newspapers or articles that he wrote, you will be able to get a clearer idea of his life and career. Most of the time you will be able to find an article in which he has been mentioned in order to provide information on the years that he has been in the business.The essay topics on Mark Twain are simply a set of ideas. You have to make sure that you choose a topic that is truly relevant to you. You will want to make sure that you are able to present yourself in a way that you will be remembered in the future.

Pros And Cons Of Virtual Teams - 1496 Words

Final Research Paper: The Pros and Cons of Virtual Teams A History in the Making From its very inception, the Internet was intended to create a means for a secure, reliable communication network, with the strategy to connect people with data. Information that once stood evanescent and restrictive by one’s personal radius of influence, flourished into an evergreen and ever-spanning wealth of information. Alan Evans, Kendall Martin, and Mary Anne Poatsy, co-authors of Technology in Action (2016) state: The concept of the Internet was developed in the late 1950s while the United States was in the midst of the Cold War with the Soviet Union. At that time, the U.S. Department of Defense needed a computer network that wouldn’t be disrupted†¦show more content†¦Information is now not bound by the physical restrictions of printed texts, nor is access to information limited to by geographical or temporal boundaries. Cyberspace immeasurably extends possibilities for storage and transmission of information, and access to information. Further still, technology has moved beyond a passive, library archive of at-your-fingertips information to a collaborative, living structure of content available 24/7. Limited by bandwidth, network connectivity, hardware capability, and user skillset, businesses today focus on supporting the infrastructure needs of top talent for connectivity as opposed to shrinking geographical distances. Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, co-authors of Wikinomics: How Mass Collaboration Changes Everything (2008), pen: Today the Net is evolving from a network of Web sites that enable firms to present information into a computing platform in its own right. Elements of a computer – and elements of a computer program – can be spread out across the Internet and seamlessly combined as necessary. The Internet is becoming a giant computer that everyone can program, providing a global infrastructure for creativity, participation, sharing, and self-organization. (p. 37) Quickly business has moved from point-to-point modes of communication, sending linear streams of information back and forth like a ping pong ball, to a centralized storing of data, accessible for a multiplication of efforts by anyone, anywhere.Show MoreRelatedThe Role Of Virtual Teams And Challenges1207 Words   |  5 Pageswell as time zone. Consequently, the virtual team strategy, which is a group of employees working with a great distance from each other, come up in order to allow companies having capability to manage their own employees being able to collaborate intensively through innovative technologies, for instance videoconferencing, email, Skype or online project management software (Schilling, 2012). 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Perfect Project Circumstances †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 4. Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 5. References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Introduction Teams are an essential standard part of every organization, be it a small one or a million-dollar project organization. There are various factors that govern the building of teams for any project. Usually one can differentiate the teams in the following categoriesRead MorePros And Cons Of Tackle Football1161 Words   |  5 Pagessport for children today but this sport can have pros and cons. One of the most controversial sport that a child can play is tackle football. Tackle football is a full contact sport. In any full contact sport, there are risks like concussions, injuries and the lasting effects of those injures. There are also pros in playing this sport like teamwork, sportsmanship, character, and exercise. Youth football can also have psychological pros and cons that can affect the children that play this sportRead MoreWorking From Home And Work764 Words   |  4 Pagestoday’s time it is becoming more common to find people who are working from home. These people have set jobs to be completed daily just like every other employee who actually comes into the office each day. However, like with any other job they are pros and cons with this job setting. Some people prefer to be at home and work from there where others would rather go into the workplace daily. This all boils down to the employee’s preference or job description. Whatever the case may be both jobs are importantRead MoreA Brief Note On Salt River Project ( Srp )903 Words   |  4 Pagesrisks of allowing staff to work remotely. I will address the organizational behavior associated with both virtual and local leadership and staff. I will address what affect this would have on the organizational culture if implemented within SRP. Virtual Opportunities With the increased use of the internet geographic location of workers has become more diverse. A geographically mixed team is a concept that is taking on many creative forms. Companies are subbing out customer service call centersRead MoreThe Cost Accounting Center Of Excellence1308 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of the project was at the request of the Chief Financial Officer the executive sponsor. The main goals set for the team concentrated on harmonizing the ways of working for all manufacturing facilities in The United States, centralize the execution of the cost accounting function, and reduce administrative costs associated with performing the cost accounting function. The team structure included a Steering Committee comprised of the Chief Accountant, Director of Business Excellence, and a BusinessRead MoreQuestions On The Action Challenge Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesexperience working in a virtual environment and what you see as your personal pros and cons to that t ype of work situation. From about 2010 until the summer of 2015, I had vocal chord issues that prevented me from having a fully functional voice (Note: two surgeries later I sound perfectly normal, hooray!). Therefore, much of that time I worked virtually, did freelance writing and video editing, and earned my degree online which all required communicating via email and chat. 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The Pros and Cons of Cloud Computing In my own opinion, cloud computing offers more pros than cons to most companies planning to migrate their services to the cloud. Some pros would be cost efficiency

The Development of Attachment Essay - 1748 Words

One of the most important factors that affect child development is the relationship of the child with their primary caregiver. This is a tenet of developmental psychology known as attachment theory. John Bowlby, the creator of this theory, wanted to examine how early childhood experiences influence personality development. Attachment theory specifically examines infant’s reactions to being separated from their primary caregiver. Bowlby hypothesized that the differences in how children react to these situations demonstrates basic behavioral differences in infancy that will have consequences for later social and emotional development. To study attachment theory, Mary Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation Paradigm. This procedure†¦show more content†¦They also show high levels of stress during separation and remain distressed even after the reunion. Although these are the two main insecure attachment categories, current research suggests that there are countless forms of insecure attachment patterns besides the ones Ainsworth highlighted in her research (Barnett Vondra, 1999). The Strange Situation is meant to be a snapshot of the relationship between infant and caregiver, and provide insight into the dyadic patterns that define this bond. Securely attached children are thought to have a primary caregiver who is sensitive, available and receptive to their infants needs. Insecure-avoidant children have primary caregivers who are intrusive, controlling and hurtful. These caregivers may be present in the infant’s life but unable to understand their infants needs, and provide the correct response. Caregivers of insecure-ambivalent infants have been found to be unresponsive to the needs of the infant, and very often unavailable. The effect of this treatment is that the infant is starved for affection and attention. The infant also feels the need to amplify their needs in an effort to reach their caregiver (Barnett Vondra, 1999). There is not only psychological evidence of the importance of the attachment relationship, but also neurobiological evidence. Many important brain structures, including the amygdala, septal nuclei and hippocampus â€Å"require considerable social, emotional,Show MoreRelatedThe Development Of Attachment Theory1336 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay will look at the development of attachment theory since the time of Bowlby and the many theories proposed to determine which best describes attachment. The Attachment theory highlights the importance of attachment especially between mothers and infants in regards to the infants personal development, both physically and emotionally. Bowlby describes attachment as â€Å"lasting psychological connectedness between human beings†(Bowlby, 1969, p.194). Bowlby’s attachment theory suggested that mothersRead MoreThe Development Of Attachment Bonds973 Words   |  4 PagesThe development of attachment bonds to other biological figures plays an important role in emotional development. Throughout life, an individual will form several relationships, some of which will be sincere and intimate while others will be superficial. However, collectively these relationships provide the foundation of our communities, families, and friendships and become essential to our survival as a species. A secure attachment bond can be classified as the interactive emotional relationshipRead MoreThe Development of Attachment Essay793 Words   |  4 PagesThe Development of Attachment Psychological research can inform us about the development of attachments to a certain extent. Mary Ainsworth actually covered a definition explaining, how we know when an attachment has developed. This is; the infant tries to get close to and maintain that proximity with the caregiver, using a number of strategies to do so. E.g. clinging and signalling behaviours such as smiling, crying and calling. The fact she has outlined this definitionRead MoreThe Development of Attachment Essay1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe Development of Attachment 1. Outline the development of attachment According to Shaffer, the development of attachment can be divided into four main phases. Other researchers have then added two additional stages to this original theory.  · Pre Attachment Phase – from birth to 3 months. From 6 weeks the baby develops an attraction to other humans, especially adults in preference to other objects. This can be illustrated through social behavioursRead MoreDevelopment And Measurement Of Attachment2389 Words   |  10 PagesDevelopment and Measurement of Attachment in Early Childhood Attachment refers to the specific, strong, long-term binds in human interpersonal relationship. When getting along with whom one form attachment with, one would feel secure and comforted. Though some said that the attachment was firstly formed in pregnancy, the main formation of attachment is mostly developed in infancy and early childhood (less than 5 years old). In the second half of the first year, infant would start to recognizeRead More Development of Attachment Essay examples1556 Words   |  7 Pagescomprehensive being their temperaments and attachment styles. A child’s temperament is the way in which he reacts to the world, new situations, people, and experiences. Attachment is an infant’s enduring emotional bond to his parentsor primary caregivers. Both of these factors affect children not only in infancy, but throughout their lives. Temperament has been shown to be a consistent aspect of a  person’s behavior over time, and their style of attachment to their primary caregiver often shapes theRead MoreAttachment Theory And Emotional Development1347 Words   |  6 Pagesand of others† (p. 133). Attachment theory plays a large role in cognitive and emotional development because it sets a foundation for the child. A case study of Angela, a 17-year-old mother, and her 11 month-old son, will dive into the attachment relationship between the two and extenuating circumstances surrounding that attachment. Angela is attempting to raise her son under the roof of her mother; who doesn’t support a paternal rela tionship for Adam. Angela’s attachment relationship with her sonRead MoreTheory Of Development And Attachment Theory1168 Words   |  5 Pages Development/ Attachment Psychoanalyst, John Bowlby in the mid 19th hundreds, investigated attachment theory. Over the years, we have enhanced our understanding on how children attach to their primary caregiver earlier in life. Supported by attachment theory, infants have a window for the development of attachment to the primary caregiver, which, usually happens during the first months of life (Hardy, 2007). Given that Alexander’s parents’ left when he was only 3 months and was raised by hisRead MoreAttachment Theory And Child Development1635 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment Theory and Children Attachment theory led not only to increased attention to attachments as a psychosocial process, it also led to a new understanding of child development (Bowlby, 1969). Freudian theory suggested that as libidinal drives fixed on different objects, former attachments would be broken; failure to break an attachment effectively would constitute a sort of trauma that could lead to later mental illness (Bretherton (1992). Attachment theory, however, suggested that growingRead MoreEarly Infant Attachment And Subsequent Development1005 Words   |  5 PagesAnalyze the research on early infant attachment and subsequent development. The infant-caregiver relationship is vastly important to the proper and healthy development of an infant and throughout the duration of the infant’s life. However, the types of relationships attained through attachments as well as socialization goals vary across cultures (Gross, 2011).Secure infant attachments are however, extremely important to overall healthy psychosocial development and prosocial behavior and can be analyzed

Professor Notes about the Program Planning - Delivering - and Finalizing

Question: Describe about the Program Planning, Delivering, and Finalising? Answer: A Program Management base organisation is where the organisation has undertaken a group of projects that will be managed in a coordinated way to get benefits however these projects cannot be individually managed as they are all linked to one another. These types of operational work are ongoing activities that produce repetitive outputs unlike anindividual project that is only short term activities (BusinessDictionary.com, 2015). business management with other frameworks different from these organisations as because of the need of the involvement of different job titles usually with different departments to manage the success of these projects. Management and allocation of tasks for the projects is done by the project manager to employees from the human resources, finance department, production, IT, administration along with marketing departments. It is needed all employees to work on their given tasks in a well organised and timely manner to reach the ultimate goals and objectives of the project. During, allocation of tasks, project manager needs to look at skills, time, and knowledge along with willingness concerned with employees related to each department. It is certain that, project manager to be marked as responsible for making scheduled interviews and meetings to keep eyes on the solution and progress of answer, queries, which have arisen and projects as well (Dfpni.gov.uk, 2015). Verities of projects are there to include a service, new product to be launched, or modification or to put a new information along with results into the system, changes to be brought to organisational structure or system, research to be done, work on construction, improvement of business procedures and processes. There are some long term and some are there individual projects which are merely temporary which goes on with benefits (Gcis.gov.za, 2015). Having a larger scope Program managers are able to provide much more benefits and they expect inside and outside changes of the program along with the development in program plans at high level with guided details. Program staffs are managed by the Program managers, and to provide vision and leadership as a whole, project managers always present there. Needs and benefits are the indexes used for the measurement of success of a project (Government of Alberta, 2015). Three types of available organisations are there which namely functional, project or matrix organisations. Hierarchy system is used by the Functional organisations to determine the authority level of each employee work in organisation. This should start with authority at highest level with CEO/chairman working with and it is not limited but can include to senior managers, senior supervisors, managers, employees and supervisor. Project managers may find it harder in this type of organisation due to the non-assignments of resources which causes lack of control over projects in hand. Resource allocation tasks are the foundation of the matrix organisation and authority over projects lies on the hand of project managers. Assignments of employees are done by the functional managers in a project while the project manager does the assignment of task to those assigned employees. Having full discretion over organisational resources in a project organisation, agenda and time, a project manager full authority does what is required to bring the best outcome of the projects. As a advantage of having less interference and conflict from other sources project organisation achieves accomplishments of its goals and objectives (Ipa.faa.gov, 2015). Such organisations like Coca-Cola Arnotts, Aldi, Amatil, Woolworths, Sony, Magnum and Samsung that launch products of different types. In the life cycle of products there are many processes and projects associated with the products. Many processes and projects are there to be done before the launch a product that needed to be undergone before it is ready to see as a final product and then it is ready to launch into the market. Time management, budget, resources, stakeholders, risk assessment, contingency plan, work breakdown structure, all these are needed in a project, in a logically sequenced order to show all purpose, milestones, of a project and what are the achievements, aimed by the organisation, Gantt chart, parameters, scope, project objectives such as results, goals, and outcomes (Literacy.kent.edu, 2015). in project management there are such roles, to perform, such as, project owner as an initiator and finances the project also, Being the executive responsible for the project, project sponsor plays an important role of owner, project manager manages the implementations of projects, project team is made by putting the employees together, who are responsible for undertaking tasks related to project, tasks are allocated to them, and last of all, the suppliers, company management and customers, clients are the stakeholders. Project team and project manager require organisational skills, budgeting skills, planning skills, problem solving, influencing, and negotiation, leading along with human resources and team building (Managementhelp.org, 2015). There is a life cycle in Project management which starts by doing planning followed by taking initiative, making plans, doing implementation, monitor and lastly close. Taking Initiative in project management stands the meaning of giving an explanation on aim, scope, purpose, deliverables of project in focus, scaling the duration of project, budget, which the organisation is able to provide for the project in concern, the authority level, people who are needed to be involved to make sure that the team can work effectively and progress checking of project time to time. Goals of a project are important facts to keep in focus, as this can state the actual output need to be achieved by the organisation. May be this is to improve or increase organisational profits, so that market share can come for the organisation in a large amount, to provide customer services properly, increment of efficiency, employee training improvement and to reduce carbon emissions. After achieving the goals, objec tives are achieved as outcome. Performance indicators are used to monitor progress of project .As a parameter every project is having location, money, time, and authority along with scope. Working right members in a team is very important before starting a project. As an effective there should be Making of better decisions, solving other issues and problems, resources should be used as in better way and being flexible in work. Identification of all external and internal stakeholders which are having interest in project in concern, will be those whom the project can affect, will be either positively or negatively influencing the project and sponsoring the project (Managementhelp.org, 2015). Project planning helps project manager in identification of what is needed to be done, who are needed for the involvement, the finalisation date of the project and needed funds which is going to be used. Without a proper explanation and not having good planning may lead the desired project objectives and goals not to meet. As an important part, sub parts plays an important role by making diagram on work breakdown structure, communications plan, Gantt chart along with contingency plan is included in plan of risk management. by bringing whole project together, project plan in detail covers all aspects. This is a nice way to assign resources, task, responsibilities, controlling and monitoring of the project by work breakdown structure which helps to give precise description and make the scope also in a organised, also an overview is given of a list of deliverables which are broken down to ensure not being repeated or missed. Once the team members are allocated as per the task, project m anagers should make it sure that they have understood given responsibilities fully about what they have asked to deal and what the other team members are responsible to do. Gantt chart is used to schedule the task according to their duration. Gantt chart shows name and type of task, employee name, work ID Number, duration is shown by the start and finish of the task. By identifying the hazards and threats Risk management shows harm in the project, next determination of impact is done, what if it was to happen, evaluation of the risk and making acceptance, by the contingency plan risk reduction measure is undertaken due to it helps for the preparation on these risks and other useful strategies must be identified to manage the risks. The risks types may include still not limited to budget, date of delivery, inspections and WHS requirements, what the customers expectations and system requirements will be. The plan of risk management is a documentation, which should be made and presente d by project manager to decide whether the risk should be avoided or accepted, mitigation of risk or to transfer the risk. The communications plan includes initiation meeting from beginning of the project to the end, project initiation plan distribution, the actual project start is called as kick-off, team meetings, sponsor meetings, status reports, and those minutes taken at every meeting (Omafra.gov.on.ca, 2015). Implementation of the project refers to the execution of the project plan, instructing the other team members, checking the project at every stage and making reports out of it. The kick-off meeting is the first meeting, which happens between the project team, and the clients. It ensures all the members have understood the ground elements of the project, clearing all the doubts. The projects should be properly monitored and all the new elements that come out should reach all the team members immediately. Problems are arise during the project, the project leaders must always evaluate the alternatives and be ready to implement whenever needed. A very helpful and corrective action should be implemented in organisations to resolve issues and problems such as, poor quality, customer complaints and an internal audit. Internal audit justifies customer satisfaction, escalated and resolved. Changes are a part of organisational, but the changes should be disseminated to all the members. Project status reports are given to all the stakeholders on a regular basis. Workplace coaching methods and techniques are used by the manager to maintain or improve each of the team members work performance (Planning, 2015). It is necessary to monitor the project so that the objectives are met and check whether the project is progressing or not. If the requirements of the project are not met and the project is not ready to give the decided results, then necessary action are recommended to be taken. The things that need to be monitored regularly in the project are costs, time, risks, communications and issues that may arise. The project manager can keep track of the progress at the assignment level, task level time, period progression or as total project. Without monitoring the project, it is impossible to decide whether the project is doing good or not. Milestones are the projects biggest deliverables such as completion of the analysis, design, documentation finalised and the system test plans. The key performance indicator needs to document properly; it is of much use for many further projects. Status reports tells about the present situation of the project and what is suppose to happen in the project n ext on and the issues that are being worked on. The status report is given to the stakeholders to give an overview of the projects progress and all current activities and tasks (Small Business - Chron.com, 2015). Closing the project claims the finishing of a project. This is the last stage of the project life cycle. The project report is a summary of the project delivered and any changes that has been made in the costs, scope, schedule or quality. At the end of the project the team is rewarded, the lessons learned are reviewed, issues that occurred and their solutions, release of project resources and a formal notification given to the higher management. The post implementation report is made at the end of the project. This shows the project sign-off, the lesson that were learned, management of the customers expectations, quality and cost management, skills of the team members and the project organisation structure. A final meeting is held to discuss the projects and the new points that came out newly. The learned lessons are discussed so that when new projects come the team is prepared to face it (Uleth.ca, 2015). In conclusion, program management have more authority over all the projects and then the project managers work on individual projects to meet project goals and objectives. For the projects to meet these outcomes it must go through various phases of the project life cycle which include implementing the project, planning it out, executing, monitoring and closing. There is a lot to be planned before the project can kick-off. The risk management plans, contingency plans, work breakdown structure, Gantt chart and status reports. With proper planning and monitoring all project goals and objectives will progress to a satisfactory project closure (Thecommunityguide.org, 2015). References Chan, K. (2013, June 30). Project Vs Program Management. Retrieved January 20, 2015, from OneDesk: https://www.onedesk.com/2013/06/project-vs-program-management/ Developing Project Management Expertise. (n.d.). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from Australian Public Service Commission: https://www.apsc.gov.au/learn/training-calendar/foundation-skills/developing-project-management-expertise Hearst Newspapers, L. (2015). Advantages Matrix Organizational Structure. Retrieved January 19, 2015, from Chron Small Business: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-matrix-organizational-structure-286.html Hearst Newspapers, L. (2015). Small Business. Retrieved January 27, 2015, from Chron: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/difference-between-project-based-nonproject-based-organizations-34050.html Inc., U. S. (2014). WorkBreakdown Structure. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from Tenrox: https://glossary.tenrox.com/Work-Breakdown-Structure.htm Project Management. (n.d.). Retrieved January 21, 2015, from Australian Space Research Institute: https://www.asri.org.au/projectsystem/projectmanagement Risk Assessment and Management. (2015). Retrieved January 19, 2015, from SGS : https://www.sgs.com.au/en-GB/Construction/Project-Management/Risk-Assessment-and-Management.aspx Risk Management Quality Improvement Handbook. (2013, July). Retrieved January 21, 2015, from The Australian Council of Healthcare Standards: https://www.achs.org.au/media/69305/risk_management_and_quality_improvement_handbook_july_2013.pdf Risk Management Strategies Guide. (2005, July). Retrieved January 19, 2015, from Engineers Australia: https://www.engineersaustralia.org.au/sites/default/files/shado/Learned%20Groups/Professional%20Standards%20Scheme/Members%20Only%20Documents/rismgmt_strategies_guide.pdf University of Tasmania. (2014, December 3). Retrieved January 20, 2015, from Project Management Methodology: https://www.utas.edu.au/project-management-methodology/definitions BusinessDictionary.com, (2015). What is program? definition and meaning. [online] Available at: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/program.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Collinsdictionary.com, (2015). Definition of programme planning  | Collins English Dictionary. [online] Available at: https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/programme-planning [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Det.nsw.edu.au, (2015). Curriculum planning and programming, assessing and reporting to parents K-12. [online] Available at: https://www.det.nsw.edu.au/policies/curriculum/schools/curric_plan/PD20050290.shtml [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Dfpni.gov.uk, (2015). Monitoring, Reporting Control | Planning | Project Management | Welcome | D F P (N I). [online] Available at: https://www.dfpni.gov.uk/project_planning_mrc [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Education Portal, (2015). What Is Process Planning in Management? - Steps, Principles Quiz | Education Portal. [online] Available at: https://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/what-is-process-planning-in-management-steps-principles-quiz.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Extension.iastate.edu, (2015). Program Planning and Reporting. [online] Available at: https://www.extension.iastate.edu/eog/reporting/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Gcis.gov.za, (2015). Strategic Planning and Programme Management | Department of Communications. [online] Available at: https://www.gcis.gov.za/content/about-us/chief-directorates/project-man-office [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Government of Alberta, A. (2015). Program Planning For Organizations. [online] Www1.agric.gov.ab.ca. Available at: https://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex1329 [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Ipa.faa.gov, (2015). Finalize Strategy for Implementation and Life Cycle Support NI. [online] Available at: https://www.ipa.faa.gov/Tasks.cfm?PageName=Finalize+Strategy+for+Implementation+and+Life+Cycle+Support+NI [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Literacy.kent.edu, (2015). Overview of Non-Profit Program Planning. [online] Available at: https://literacy.kent.edu/Oasis/grants/overviewprogplan.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Managementhelp.org, (2015). Basic Guidelines for Program Planning and Management (in for-profit organizations). [online] Available at: https://managementhelp.org/programmanagement/business-programs.htm [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Managementhelp.org, (2015). Program Planning and Management (Business and Nonprofit). [online] Available at: https://managementhelp.org/programmanagement/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Omafra.gov.on.ca, (2015). Program Planning for Organizations. [online] Available at: https://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/rural/facts/96-007.htm [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Planning, E. (2015). Evaluation and Program Planning. [online] Elsevier. Available at: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/evaluation-and-program-planning/ [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Small Business - Chron.com, (2015). The Importance of Planning in an Organization. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-planning-organization-1137.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Thecommunityguide.org, (2015). The Community Guide - Ways to Use the Guide - Program Planning Resource. [online] Available at: https://www.thecommunityguide.org/uses/program_planning.html [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015]. Uleth.ca, (2015). Program Planning Guides | Registrar's Office and Student Services. [online] Available at: https://www.uleth.ca/ross/ppgs [Accessed 12 Feb. 2015].

Methodological Bias Associated with Sex Depression

Introduction Depression is a stage in stress psychology and it can affect any person across the gender and demographic variables. However, depression is more common in women than men and statistics shows that in the united state in every three reported cases of depression one is a man while the ratio increases to worldwide statistics which stands at 3 to 1.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Methodological Bias Associated with Sex Depression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Although, there is much to be researched on the gender differences of depression, there are general causes of depression either environmental or biological. This paper will try to discuss several methodological bias associated with sex depression. Clinician Bias In this description, it argues that people who are over-reliant for self-esteem and identity are more exposed to the risks of getting depression incase of a relation break out. Since self-esteem comes from external sources, these people cannot deal with the loss hence reacting passively. The similarity between the depression-prone people and collection of traits are used to distinguish women in the normal course of body development. The research has shown that there is a relationship between masculinity and depression where lower masculinity results to higher rate of depression. The interpretation here characterizes women with low masculinity hence lower sex orientation in women than in men. Both low masculinity and depression symptoms are as a result of low self-esteem (Helgeson, 2009) Response bias This is referred to as a bias which affects the results of responses or deviation in judgment making on particular situations. It’s believed that men suffer less from depression because of their avoidance in expressing feelings compared to women. It’s also arguable that women are available to nurture each other in case of the depressive feeling hence lowering their rejection. Other evidence indicates that when various socio-economic and demographic factors are carefully controlled sex depression is reduced or totally eliminated. Relatively both male and female youths who are unmarried are in the same risks of getting depressed, but the rate increases to women once they get married. Differing manifestation of Depression Researchers have prescribed that the depression in women and men to be treated differently for they are fully different. Although women depression is denoted by several causes, depressions associated with socio life conditions should not be viewed as a clinical type of depression (Peta, 2002).Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It’s taken in a great concern to analyze the reasons leading to depression mostly in women, and then, identify long-lasting strategies to curb this challenge and advocat e for women mental health policies that oversee their needs. It’s, therefore, necessary to any psychiatrist within psychiatry to define mental illness of every patient in order to determine the most appropriate diagnosis and also provides ways to defend against contradictory medical evidence. Furthermore, the problem of depression is much more prevalent in women than it is with men not only as being induced by the societal interaction problems and pressures, but depression in women may become worse due to their biological makeup/ components in the body. In this connection, there are evidence from research results which have shown that women are greatly affected by hormonal factors/ elements such as estrogen, which bring about menopausal symptoms. This is well observed during adolescent or teenager’s stage when the hormonal elements are fully produced and active in the body. In short, this may be perpetuated to old age and be augmented by other environmental factors, es pecially for those exposed under different unfavorable social conditions at workplace and/or within the community they live in. References Helgeson, V. S. (2009). Psychology of Gender. NJ: Pearson Education, Inc Peta, S. (2002). Feminist Research: Prospect and Retrospect. Canadian Research Institute for the Advancement of Women This critical writing on Methodological Bias Associated with Sex Depression was written and submitted by user Niko Bonner to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Job Evaluation Approaches

Job Evaluation Approaches Free Online Research Papers Introduction The paper will argue that job evaluation systems are an attempt to objectify employment positions within an organization through the measurement of size. ‘The word ‘size’ is used to indicate the relative significance or importance of a job in an organization’ (Armstrong Murlis 1996:95). This paper discusses formal and informal job evaluation systems as determinants of the relative job value and the compensable factors. The primary reason for conducting job evaluation is to increase equity in employee remuneration in comparison to other employees across similar and variant contexts. Definitional Terms Job evaluation is defined by Kramar, McGraw and Schuler (1997:420) as, ‘a formal and systematic process for objectively comparing the relative size and worth of jobs within an organization.’ It has also been described as, ‘an administrative procedure used to measure job worth’ (De Cieri and Kramar 2003:597). It is also important to recognize that size is not an absolute term, one which can be easily quantified and objectified. Armstrong and Murlis argue that ‘ultimately, there is no single unit of measurement which will tell us precisely how much a job is worth’ (Armstrong and Murlis 1996:98). Size can relate to the resources being controlled, for example finances, people, plant and equipment. It can also be related to outputs, such as sales, project completion or units processed. Size can also correspond to contribution made through the job to the achievement of organizational objectives. The concept of size will be further explored when examin ing the various analytical methods utilized in conducting a job evaluation. It is also important to recognize that the evaluative tool of size is set in a much broader theoretical discussion of pay equity and business competitiveness – encapsulating direct labour costs, staffing and operational productivity, staff recruitment and retention. The purpose of job evaluation recognizes the need for a rational means of identifying relative internal values in jobs within and outside an organization. Determining pay structures solely through market comparisons, will not result in a sufficiently reliable basis for an equitable pay structure, due to the volatility of the market (Armstrong and Murlis 1996:98). Two main types of job evaluation There are to main job evaluation methods Non Analytical, which utilises subjective ranking and paired comparison and Analytical, which focuses on a process of factoring. Armstrong and Murlis, define the non analytical methods (as) ‘whole jobs (being) examined and compared, without being analyzed into their constituent parts or elements. While analytical methods (is where) jobs are analyzed by reference to one of more criteria, factors or elements’ (1996:99) Non Analytical Methodologies Job Ranking, Paired Comparisons and Job Classifications are described in the literature as non analytical job evaluation methodologies. Job Ranking Kramar, McGraw Schuler argue that ‘job ranking is the most convenient and effective job evaluation method where there are a limited number of jobs to evaluate and the job analysts are familiar with the jobs in question’ (1997:423). Job ranking seeks to compare whole jobs and does not try to assess separately different aspects of the job. This method seeks to rank jobs in a hierarchal manner according to the perception of their relative size. It is Armstrong and Murlis’ (1996:100) opinion, that ‘job ranking is the easiest and quickest form of job evaluations.’ This approach is sometimes used for benchmarking more sophisticated analytical methods, to ensure they are appropriately ranking jobs. Several disadvantages of this approach have been highlighted by Armstrong Murlis (1996:101) including: There is no clear rational which objectifies the rank order. Without a clear rational equity issues may surface. Judgements can become multi-dimensional when a number of jobs have to be ranked. Inconsistencies between assessors can arise when selective aspects of a job are weighted differently. Ranking does not provide sufficient quantification of the differences between jobs, which tends to make grading an arbitrary process. Whilst ranking can assist in recognizing extremes in rank order, it may make it difficult to discriminate between middling jobs. Stone (1995:307) points out that ‘while ranking might measure relative worth, job ranking does not measure the magnitude of difference between jobs.’ Paired Comparison Paired comparison is a method used to refine the job ranking process. ‘The underlying principle of paired comparisons is that direct comparison between two items is likely to be more sensitive and discerning than attempting to compare a number of items to one another’ (Armstrong Murlis 1996:101). Each job is compared to another job and if the size or importance is greater a score of two is assigned. If it is thought to be the same size a score of one is given and of less size a zero is scored. The scores for each job are then tallied and jobs are ranked on the basis of the score. Appendix 1 shows an example of a paired comparison chart. While this process provides a more accurate ranking by confining comparisons to pairs of jobs, it stills lacks a rationale for justifying ranking orders. Job Classification Job classification is similar to ranking. Whole jobs are compared to a predetermined scale, in this case a grade definition. Kramar, McGraw Schuler contend that ‘a particular advantage of this method is that it can be applied to a large number and variety of jobs (1997:423) However, ‘a major disadvantage of the job classification method is the reliance on a whole-job comparison against a limited number, or overall summary of factors.’ The other key limitation is that the method cannot deal effectively with complex jobs. Analytical Methodolgies The primary analytical method of job evaluation is based upon a point factor ranking. Jobs are broken down into factors or key elements, and each factor is seen as contributing to job size in a different proportion. Numerical scales are devised and points are allocated to each factor of a job, depending upon the degree it is present. These separate scores for each job are then tallied to provide a total score for job size. Armstrong Murlis (1996:103) point out that the key features of the points factor method are: the factor plan; the factor rating scales; factor weighting. A factor plan may have anywhere between three to twelve factors and are broadly grouped around inputs (knowledge and skills), processes (mental effort, problem solving, complexity, originality, creativity, initiative, judgement, team work and dealing with people) and outputs (impact on end results). Having a multiplicity of factors does not necessarily mean a more effective job evaluation assessment. Armstrong and Murlis (1996:103) state ‘that this is an illusion. They argue that, the more factors there are, the greater the likelihood of overlap and duplication. They conclude that, it is seldom necessary to have more than six factors.’ Factor rating scales are based on the definition of levels present in each factor. Points are awarded for each level. An example of a factor rating scale can be seen in Appendix 2. The point progression for each level can either be arithmetical (e.g. 20, 40, 60, 80, 100) or geometric, which is used for example in the Hay Chart-Profile method. Kramar, McGraw Schuler (1996:424), describe ‘the ‘Hay System’ as probably the best know point factor method in Australia and that it is used extensively for evaluating administrative, professional, supervisory, managerial and executive positions.’ A critical decision in the point factor model is whether the individual factors are factor weighted, whereby one factor is assigned a higher value than another. The various points factoring schemes offer several significant advantages over a job ranking approach, including: By job evaluators having to refer to at least three and often six or more factors, the likelihood of overly simplified judgements are dramatically lessened. There is greater transparency and employees often perceive the process as fairer. Evaluators are able refer to several external measurements making it easier to determine relative size. The scoring of scales is easily adaptable to running in a computerized environment. While there is considerable value added through the using of a point factor analysis there are some disadvantages, including: Point factoring can be costly, time consuming and complex to administer. Armstrong and Murlis argue that ‘they give a somewhat spurious impression of scientific accuracy †¦ Averaging a group of subjective judgements made by a job evaluation panel does not increase their objectivity.’ An assumption that it is possible to reduce a complex job to a series of factors and that skills can be added to together within the framework of several scales of values. That adopted factor weighting can be applied to all jobs. The rating system can be very bureaucratic and rigid and create an unwanted organizational hierarchy. The conventional application of a point-factoring ignores that the workforce is in essence far more flexible and project base and contract drive. Other Factor Methodologies It an attempt to address the limitations with the Point Factor model several other analytical methodologies have been developed Graduate Factor Comparison, Factor Comparison and Single Factor, which can be based on skill, competency, decision bands or time span of discretion. Graduated Factor comparison compares job factors against a scale of factors which are graduated by descriptive levels. There is no numerical score assigned and the factors are not weighted. An example of a descriptive level would be low, medium and high. Armstrong and Murlis argue that ‘this analytical method is particularly useful in sorting out job relatives especially in equal value cases’ (1996:106). Factor comparison compares jobs with jobs against a number of factors instead of using a scale. It was developed in the US to overcome choice and weighting of factors associated with a points factor scheme. It has been pointed out by the Armstrong and Murlis although it has many advantages, in particular because it does not use an abstract scale and it is complex to develop and administer (1996:107). Although the method has had an important influence on the Hay Guide Chart Profile method. Single factor methods of job evaluation are based on one key factor for measurement of relative job size. According to Armstrong and Murlis ‘the assumption is made that the process demands made on job holder to deliver the expected outputs can be measures by the level of inputs required’ (1996:108). The shortcoming of the skill based approach is that inputs are rewarded with possibly inadequate attention on the delivered results. Competency based evaluation measures the size of the jobs in accordance with the necessary competency level required for a successful performance. Like the inadequate attention to results found in skill based approach the same could be said of the competency based approach. Application to Human Resource Management As has been argued through this paper that there are clearly deficiencies in both non-analytical and analytical job evaluation systems and these have been outlined. But nevertheless there is still a Human Resource Management need to determine fair and equitable pay structures, which adequately accounts for the growing, flexible, workplace patterns and the rapidly changing and complex job factors. Clearly, the job ranking and classification approaches are effective in smaller organizations where there is clear delineation between roles in the workplace. Armstrong and Murlis conclude ‘formal job evaluations do indeed work well in a stable, hierarchical organizations. But it has to be recognized that job evaluation methodologies which emphasise place in hierarchy, numbers of people supervised or resources directly controlled, without taking into account technical expertise or complex decision making have little to contribute’ (1996:110). As well organizations and the Human Resource Management team need to carefully consider which job evaluation approach to select before embarking on the evaluative process. Firstly, the organization needs to carefully consider if they are going to implement an existing commercial package, such as Hay Guide Chart Profile system – measures know-how, problem solving and accountability with each factor being scored on a two dimensional matrix Cullen Egan Dell system – measures cognition, education and decision making. Like the Hay system each of these factors is broken down into a further eight sub factors. Wyatt System – there are two systems FACTORCOMPâ„ ¢ and MULTICOMPâ„ ¢. Weighted Job Questionnaire (WJQ) – this measures five factors (skill and knowledge, contacts, working conditions, problem solving and scope of responsibility) through a multiple choice job analysis questionnaire. Or design their own system in accordance with one of the non-analytical or analytical methodologies. Building a job evaluation system from the ground up can increase the probability of measuring the nominated factors, but it can be expensive and time consuming. While a commercial system is proven and has a large sample size to draw on for analysis. In determining how to progress in job evaluation schemes Strong (1995:312) maps out a clear set of questions. These serve as a helpful starting place for a human resource management team and should be considered before undertaking any extensive job evaluation project ‘What are the organisation’s objectives in introducing a job evaluation scheme? Will the expected benefits outweigh the time and costs involved? What is the size of the organization? As a general rule the smaller the organization the easier it will be to implement a simple ranking system. Are the personnel and expertise available to develop an internal plan? How much can the organization afford to spend on introducing and maintaining a plan? What do similar organizations in the same industry do? Is the selected job evaluation plan in harmony with the organization’s culture?’ Appendix 3 details a useful chart for facilitating how to choose the most appropriate job evaluation method. Finally, Strong states, ‘no matter how good a job evaluation system is, it will fail if not understood and accepted by employees as being fair and equitable’(1995:312). Conclusion This paper has analysed the various strengths and weaknesses of job evaluation methodologies, whether they be non-analytical or analytical. It has been argued that job evaluation methods need to be viewed as guides for assisting organizations move toward greater pay equity and role clarity. It is important that they are not viewed as final and definitive in themselves but as helpful tools which support the overall job evaluation process in the workplace. Bibliography Armstrong, M, Murlis, H. (1996) Reward Management: A Handbook of Remuneration on Strategy Practice, Kogan Page Ltd, London. Clark, R. (1996) Human Resources Management: Framework and Practice, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. De Cieri, H. Kramar, R. (2003) Human Resource Management in Australia: Strategy, People, Performance, McGraw-Hill, Sydney. Ferris, G Buckley, M (1996) Human Resources Management: Perspectives, Context, Functions and Outcomes, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Kramar, R, McGraw, P. Schuler, R. (1997), Human Resource Management in Australia, Addison Wesley Longman Australia, Sydney. Mathis, R. Jackson, J. (1994) Human Resource Management, West Publishing Corporation, Michigan. Stone, R. (1991) Readings in Human Resource Management Volume 1, John Wiley and Sons, Brisbane. Stone, R. (1995) Human Resource Management, John Wiley Sons, Michigan Survey of Job Evaluation Practices, American Compensation Association, August 1989, 1-12. Appendix 1 Example of paired comparison Job A B C D E Total Score Rank Order A 0 2 0 2 4 2 B 2 2 2 2 8 1 C 0 0 2 0 2 5 D 2 0 0 1 3 3 E 0 0 2 1 3 3 Armstrong and Murlis (1996) Appendix 2 – Factor Rating example Factor 6 : contacts This factor considers the requirement in the job for contacts inside and outside the company. Contacts may involve giving and receiving information, influencing others, or negotiation. The nature and frequency of contacts should be considered, as well as their effect on the company. Level 1 : little or no consequences except with immediate colleagues and supervisors. (10 points) Level 2 : contacts are mainly internal and involve dealing with factual queries or exchange of information. (20 points) Level 3 : contacts may be internal or external and typically require tact or discretion to gain cooperation. (30 points) Level 4 : frequent internal/external contacts, of a sensitive nature requiring persuasive ability to resolve non-routine issues. (40 points) Level 5 : frequent internal/external contacts at senior level or on highly sensitive issues, requiring advanced negotiation/persuasive skills. (50 points) Level 6: constant involvement with internal/external contacts at the highest level or involving negotiation/persuasion on difficult and critical issues. (60 points) Armstrong and Murlis (1996) Appendix 3 Choice of Evaluation Method Scheme Characteristics Advantages Disadvantages Ranking Whole job comparisons made to place them in order of importance Easy to apply and understand No defined standards of judgement: differences between jobs are not measured Paired Comparisons Panel members individually compare each job in turn with all the others being evaluated. Points are awarded according to whether the jobs is more, less or equally demanding than each of the jobs with which it id being compared. These points are added to determine the rank order, usually with the help of a computer. The scores are analysed and discussed in order to achieve consensus among the members of the panel. Ranking is likely to be more valid on the principle that it is always easy to compare a job with one other job rather than with the whole range of disparate jobs As with ranking, the system neither explains why one job is more important than another nor assesses difference between them Job Classification Job grades are defined and jobs are slotted into the grades by comparing the whole job description with the grade definition Simple to operate and standards of judgement are provided in the shape of the grade definitions Difficult to fit complex jobs into a grade without using elaborate grade definitions Points factor rating and factor comparison Separate factors are scored to produce an overall points score for the job The analytical process of considering separately defined factors reduces subjectivity and helps assess differences in job size. Consistency in judgement is helped by having defined factor levels. In accord with equal value law Complex to install and maintain. Objectivity is more apparent that real: subjective judgement is still required to rate jobs against different factors and level definitions Armstrong and Murlis (1996) Research Papers on Job Evaluation ApproachesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseThree Concepts of PsychodynamicBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemStandardized TestingInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paper

Drunk Driving in America and Penalty Research Paper

Drunk Driving in America and Penalty - Research Paper Example In order to deal with the dilemma of drunk driving every state has formulated and implemented different sets of drunk driving laws, enforcements, courts and procedure of punishment. It is found that sometimes the complexity of the laws allow the offenders to escape without facing any punishment whereas the offenders can also avoid the conviction through plea bargain. The experts have identified some flaws in the drunken driving laws and have called for making some necessary changed in the punishment structure to avoid further cases of drunken driving accidents. The essay aims to discuss the effects of drunk driving and the laws made to prevent drunk driving. The essay also examines the effectiveness of these laws and need to make them stricter. Effects of Drunk Driving Drunk driving draws serious and long lasting impacts upon the health and lives of the people involved however, it is commonly observed that people are not well aware of the serious consequences of this habit and they r ealize it very late. The seriousness of the drunken driving impact could be estimated from the fact that every thirty minute a person is killed and every two minute a person is injured in America due to drunk driving. ... Thousands of people are killed every year in America as a result of such accidents and thousands of other got injuries when they got involved in the accidents where the driver is drunk (Hedlund and McCartt, 2002). The drunk driving also because damage of property, vehicles and other objects that came in the circle of the vehicle being driven by a drunk driver. Hence, drunk driving cause both financial and human loss and has become a very tough challenge for the society (Scott, 2006). Drunk driving is very common in America. Almost 21percent of the Americans have informed that they have driven after drinking in the part years which means that millions of trips are taken by the drunk drivers each year, many of them resulted in accidents and injuries. Though there are several laws formulated to prevent drinking driving but these laws are not very harsh. The arrests of the drunk drivers are very rare in America because people are usually released after warning or small punishment. There is need to develop improved drunk driving control system in order to assure that the people who drive after drinking are arrested consistently and are also convicted and punished according to the law. People must be made aware that they have to face stick legal procedure when they will catch involved in the drunken driving incident (Valle, 1986). Drunk Driving Laws and Punishments The effects of drunk driving have compelled the states to crack down on the offenders of the drinking driving laws and to make the legal framework more effective to deal with such people in very harsh manner. The terms DUI (driving under the influence) or DWI (driving while intoxicated) are commonly used to refer to the offenders of the drinking driving laws and it is strongly demanded

The Influence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Economic Essay

The Influence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the Economic Growth of the Host Economies - Essay Example ects of FDI on economic growth in host countries greatly depend upon the local conditions and contexts of doing business there: for example, human capital enhances the positive effects of FDI on host economies, while the existing technology gaps make it possible to implement even the simplest foreign direct investment reforms (Wang, Gu, Tse & Yim, 2012). Added to this is the role which market size plays in attracting FDI to host countries, whereas technology-absorptive abilities predetermine host returns from FDI (Li & Liu 2005; Blalock & Gertner 2008). These results have far-reaching implications for policy development and implementation, although all risks and factors changing the nature of FDI inflows to host countries need to be thoroughly considered. Even more interesting are the results of another study conducted in the three major countries-recipients of FDI. These include Malaysia, Chile, and Thailand (Chowdury & Mavrotas 2007). Again, the researchers confirm that the effects of FDI on economic growth are very heterogeneous and primarily depend upon the level of GDP in host countries (Chowdury & Mavrotas 2007). At least in Thailand and Malaysia, the relationship between GDP and FDI is very explicit (Chowdury & Mavrotas 2007). Again, these findings have far-reaching implications for policymaking, since understanding causality between FDI and economic growth is crucial for the creation of policies that encourage the inflow of investments from abroad in the developing world. Both studies confirm the importance of the FDI-economic growth causality but also imply that the nature of this causality and its direction should be placed under professional scrutiny. As long as the effects of FDI on economic growth in host countries are characterized by considerable...This essay outlines the difficulties in establishing the functional relationships of FDI influence on economic growth in host countries. One of the greatest problems in this respect is the lack of suff icient empirical data. Another difficulty is the lack of organization and poor systematization of the existing knowledge. Theoretically, FDI promotes economic growth through an increase in investment volumes, leading to increased efficiency of all economic and financial operations. Another theory suggests that economic growth is a direct result of the technological diffusions caused by FDI. Objectively, there is no single explanation to the effects of FDI on economic growth: numerous variables moderate the relationship between FDI and economic growth in host countries, and the current knowledge of financial markets and macro/microeconomics does not allow producing a comprehensive theory of FDI and its impacts on host countries’ economies. In order to understand how and why FDI impacts host countries’ economic growth, the meaning of both terms needs to be clarified. For the goal of this paper, foreign direct investment is defined as â€Å"the process whereby residents of one country (the source country) acquire ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution, and other activities of a firm in another country. FDI impacts economic growth through structural effects, skill and technology, and size effects. TNC play a huge role in the transfer of capitals and skills from one country to another.